Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) has shown, in the last two decades, to be an essential ventilatory management modality for treatment of patients with diverse etiologies of acute and chronic respiratory insufficiency, with significant favorable outcomes in terms of improvement in gas exchange, respiratory muscle fatigue, and dyspnea. NIV is an alternative to invasive mechanical ventilation, with significant improvement in short and long term prognosis. However, despite the abundance of literature supporting the benefits of NIV, there is controversy in regards to the timing of initiation and termination of NIV in the disease process, leading to unsettled issues and constant analysis for both researchers and physicians in clinical practice. There is scarce literature that describes thorough predictors of success or failure of NIV. There is need to develop tools or models to predict response to NIV, optimize those responses, increase tolerance to NIV technology (mechanical ventilator, interface, or ventilatory mode) that can be translated to increase success rate of NIV. The book “Non-Invasive Ventilation: A Practical Handbook for Understanding the Causes of Treatment Success and Failure” is the first text published with well-defined objectives that analyze the success and failure response of non-invasive mechanical ventilation.