This book reviews important findings from the Extremely Low Gestational Age Newborn Study (ELGAN), the largest cohort study ever completed involving individuals born extremely prematurely. With a focus on pre-, peri-, and post-natal inflammation, this study identified potentially modifiable risk factors and pathways antecedent to a broad range of neurodevelopmental impairments, as well as asthma and obesity, during middle childhood. These findings will be of interest to both practicing neonatologists and developmental paediatricians, as well as researchers interested in the prevention of adverse child health outcomes and promotion of positive health among individuals born extremely preterm.