Nutrients act as signaling molecules initiating and mediating signaling transduction that regulates cell function and homeostasis. As such, nutrient status has been linked to altered profiles of transcripts and protein expression, which affect mitochondrial function, autophagy, inflammation, and metabolism. This book disseminates the cutting-edge knowledge pertaining to nutritional signaling activities in obesity and diabetes, including the regulatory mechanisms and perspectives of nutritional interventions for disease prevention. It brings the reader in-depth understanding of the nutritional aspects, cellular and molecular biology, as well as pathophysiology of obesity and diabetes. In addition, each chapter of the book includes a component of future direction or intervention perspective based on the pathways discussed in the chapter, making the new knowledge transformative and translational. Aimed at researchers and professionals in nutrition, diet, diabetes, and obesity, this book will also appeal to health science researchers.